Replace prohibitively large transparency logs with compact, verifiable receipts. Enable end users to independently verify transparency without downloading gigabytes of log data.
Transparency systems like Certificate Transparency, Binary Transparency, and Key Transparency were designed to make operations auditable and detect misbehavior. But there's a fundamental problem: the transparency logs themselves are prohibitively large—ranging from gigabytes to terabytes.
End users can't practically download and verify these massive logs. Instead, they must trust third-party monitors, auditors, and log operators. The promise of transparency—that anyone can verify—becomes impractical for the very people who need it most: end users.
This creates a gap between transparency in theory and transparency in practice. Users are forced to choose between impractical verification and trusting intermediaries.
Current transparency systems produce logs that are impractical for end users to verify. You must trust that:
Verifiable transparency with AEEs provides compact receipts that guarantee:
Receipts are small enough for anyone to verify on any device—phones, browsers, embedded systems. No specialized infrastructure or massive downloads required.
No need to run log monitors, maintain verification servers, or download massive datasets. Verification works with just the compact receipt.
Receipts are kilobytes, not gigabytes. Distribute them alongside certificates, binaries, or keys without bandwidth concerns.
Works on any device with any computational capability. From IoT devices to mobile phones to data centers—verification is universally accessible.
Verify transparency properties without revealing sensitive information. Control what is disclosed while guaranteeing correctness.
No need to trust log operators, monitoring services, or auditors. Cryptographic receipts provide mathematical assurance that anyone can verify.
System produces a compact cryptographic receipt that attests to transparency properties—inclusion, append-only behavior, consistency.
Share the small receipt alongside the certificate, binary, or key. The receipt contains everything needed for verification.
End users verify the receipt on their device—no log download needed. Verification takes milliseconds and requires minimal resources.
Receipt cryptographically guarantees that transparency properties were met—no trust in intermediaries required.
Verify SSL/TLS certificates without downloading CT logs. Users confirm certificates were properly logged and no unauthorized certificates exist—all without trusting CT infrastructure.
Verify software binaries match published code without downloading entire transparency logs. Users independently confirm integrity without massive downloads.
Verify public key directories and updates (messaging apps, PGP keyservers) without syncing entire key histories. Detect key substitution attacks with compact receipts.
Verify package repositories and software updates with compact receipts rather than downloading full transparency logs. Guarantee package integrity independently.
Enable lightweight verification of blockchain state without downloading full chain history or trusting full nodes. Make blockchain verification truly accessible.
Verify provenance and authenticity in supply chains without accessing complete audit logs. Enable end-to-end transparency with practical verification.
Traditional transparency systems force users to choose between impractical verification and trusting intermediaries. AEEs bridge this gap by making transparency verification truly practical for end users.
Beyond Traditional Transparency Logs: Current systems produce logs that grow continuously, making verification increasingly impractical. AEE receipts remain compact regardless of log size—verification complexity stays constant as systems scale.
Compact Cryptographic Proofs: Receipts contain cryptographic proofs of transparency properties without requiring full log access. Users verify the receipt, not the entire log.
Deterministic Verification: Anyone can independently verify receipts with mathematical certainty, not probabilistic trust. Verification is deterministic and reproducible.
No Trusted Infrastructure: Eliminate dependence on log monitors, auditors, and specialized verification services. Cryptographic receipts provide assurance that anyone can verify.
Scale Independence: Receipt size doesn't grow with log size. Whether the log contains thousands or billions of entries, verification remains equally practical.
Privacy-Preserving: Control what information is disclosed in receipts. Verify transparency properties without revealing sensitive operational details or system internals.
Learn how verifiable transparency with AEEs can make transparency verification accessible to end users.
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